Body Doubling as Co Regulation: Why Shared Presence Can Help

A task may feel impossible when you are alone and surprisingly manageable once another person sits nearby. They do not need to help, supervise or even work on the same thing. Their presence simply changes the conditions around the task.

This practice is commonly called body doubling. It involves doing an activity while another person is present, either physically or remotely.

Body doubling is often presented as an ADHD productivity technique, but neurodivergent adults use it for much more than focused computer work. It may help with household tasks, exercise, administration, self care, transitions and returning to a task after distraction.

This article explains what body doubling is, why shared presence may make action easier and where the idea of co regulation fits. It also explores different formats, practical session structures and the reasons body doubling can sometimes feel distracting, controlling or unsafe.

The aim is not to make another person responsible for your functioning. It is to understand how the right kind of presence can reduce the amount of structure, momentum and emotional pressure you must create alone.

🧠 Understanding Body Doubling

Body doubling means completing an activity in the real or perceived presence of another person.

The other person may be:

👥 working quietly beside you
💻 completing a different task on video
📞 staying connected through an audio call
🧹 doing household tasks in the same room
🏃 exercising alongside you
📚 studying within a shared online session
💬 checking in before and after a work period

The body double does not need to instruct you or monitor every action. Their main contribution is presence, although some arrangements also include agreed reminders, time cues or brief accountability.

🟡 Body Doubling Is a Community Practice

Body doubling is not a clinical treatment or a formally defined psychological intervention.

The term became widely used through ADHD and neurodivergent communities. Many people appear to have discovered the practice independently before learning that it had a name.

A 2024 study surveyed 220 people about how they defined and used body doubling. Participants described a wide variety of settings, including physical spaces, online contact, cafés and videos. They used the approach for work, study, household tasks, cooking, exercise and other activities.

This research helps document the practice and the experiences of people who use it. It does not prove that body doubling is effective for every person or establish one neurological explanation for why it may help.

🔄 Body Doubling Exists on a Continuum

Body doubling is not one fixed format.

It can vary across several dimensions:

🏠 Physical location: together or remote
⏰ Timing: live or asynchronous
🤝 Mutuality: one person supports the other or both participate equally
💬 Interaction: silent, occasional or conversational
👁️ Visibility: cameras on, cameras off or no direct contact
🎯 Purpose: starting, focusing, finishing, stopping or self care
📋 Structure: informal companionship or a planned session

Some people need active acknowledgement that another person is present. Others work best when the body double remains almost invisible.

Finding the right format matters more than following one official method.

🪞 Body Doubling Is Not Mirroring

Body doubling is sometimes confused with mirroring.

Body doubling means using shared presence while completing an activity. Mirroring usually means copying another person’s expressions, language or behaviour, sometimes as part of social adaptation or masking.

A body double may model a steady working rhythm, but you do not need to imitate them. The goal is support, not performing similarity.

🔬 What Research Currently Shows

Direct research on body doubling is still limited.

The strongest community focused study so far documents how neurodivergent people define and use the practice. Participants commonly described body doubling as useful for generating momentum, remaining engaged and completing tasks, but these were self reported experiences rather than results from a controlled treatment trial.

A qualitative study of physical activity in 30 adults with ADHD also identified exercising with another person, described by participants as body doubling, as a facilitator. Social support and accountability appeared to make beginning and maintaining activity easier.

A small 2025 virtual reality study compared ADHD adults completing a construction task alone, with a human double and with an artificial double. Twelve participants completed the task faster and reported stronger focus and easier reengagement in the body doubled conditions. However, the sample was very small, the task was highly specific and the study does not tell us how reliably the effect transfers to ordinary life.

The evidence therefore supports a careful conclusion:

✅ many neurodivergent adults report body doubling as useful
✅ early experimental work suggests possible benefits for focus and task completion
🟡 the most helpful format probably differs between people and tasks
🟡 researchers have not established one proven mechanism
⚠️ large controlled studies of everyday body doubling are still missing

👥 Social Presence Can Help or Interfere

Research outside neurodivergence shows that another person’s presence can change cognitive performance. This is often discussed as social facilitation.

A recent meta analysis found that social presence could improve performance on aspects of a Stroop task, but the effect depended partly on the form of presence and the task conditions.

This broader evidence makes body doubling plausible, but it should not be treated as direct proof. Social presence can also increase self consciousness, distraction or performance pressure.

The same person may work better beside a quiet friend and worse beside a manager, stranger or highly talkative partner.

🌱 Why Body Doubling May Help

Body doubling can change several parts of the task at once.

The mechanisms below are plausible explanations supported to varying degrees by lived experience and broader psychological research. They should not be treated as one established body doubling pathway.

🚪 It Creates an External Start Point

Starting alone can require you to decide when to begin, which task to choose and whether you are ready.

A body doubling appointment answers part of that uncertainty:

⏰ this is the start time
🎯 this is the activity period
👥 another person has arrived
🚪 the transition into action begins now

The other person does not create the ability for you. They make the beginning more concrete.

This can be especially helpful when task initiation is harder than continuing.

📍 It Keeps the Task Mentally Present

When you work alone, the task may disappear behind distractions, thoughts or other visible demands.

Another person’s presence can serve as a recurring environmental cue. Seeing them work, hearing quiet movement or remembering that you will check in later may return your attention to the chosen activity.

The body double becomes part of the task environment rather than an active supervisor.

⏳ It Gives Time a Clearer Shape

An unstructured afternoon can feel endless and difficult to enter. A shared thirty minute session has a visible beginning and endpoint.

The structure may provide:

⏰ a defined start
📏 a limited commitment
🔔 a natural stopping point
💬 a moment to review what happened
🔄 an easier transition into the next activity

This can support people who struggle with time blindness or open ended tasks.

🤝 It Adds Gentle Accountability

Telling another person what you plan to do can make the intention more concrete.

The useful form of accountability is usually light:

💬 “I am opening the form now.”
💬 “I will work on the introduction.”
💬 “I am going to clear the kitchen counter.”

You do not need to prove that you completed everything. The commitment simply places the task into a shared social context.

Accountability becomes less useful when it turns into fear, surveillance or the need to justify every minute.

🌫️ It Can Reduce Isolation and Shame

Difficult tasks can generate a private loop of frustration and self criticism.

You may think:

💬 “Why can everyone else do this?”
💬 “I should not need help with something so basic.”
💬 “I have already wasted too much time.”

Working beside someone else can make ordinary effort feel more human. Both people may be completing imperfect, repetitive or delayed tasks.

The shame based story can shift from “I am failing alone” towards “we are both spending time on things that need doing.”

🌿 It May Support Co Regulation

Co regulation broadly refers to ways people influence and support one another’s emotional, behavioural or physiological regulation.

A calm and predictable person may make an activity feel less threatening or chaotic. Their tone, pace and lack of judgement can help you remain within the task without escalating into anxiety, avoidance or self criticism.

However, body doubling and co regulation are not synonyms.

Co regulation research does not yet show that every body doubling session creates a particular nervous system state. The effect depends on the relationship, context and meaning of the other person’s presence.

A safe person may feel grounding. A critical or unpredictable person may create the opposite effect.

🔄 It Can Make Reengagement Easier

Distraction does not always end a task. The harder problem may be returning.

A body double can provide a stable reference point after attention moves away. They are still present, the session is still active and the original task has not completely disappeared from the environment.

You may therefore return without needing to recreate the full decision to work.

🛑 It Can Support Stopping as Well as Starting

Body doubling is often described only as a way to produce more.

It can also support:

🍽️ pausing to eat
💧 remembering water
🌙 ending work at an agreed time
🔄 switching to another responsibility
🪫 taking a break before complete exhaustion
💊 completing a necessary self care action

For people who become absorbed in tasks, the body double may help preserve access to stopping and physical needs.

The aim is not always more output. Sometimes it is a safer rhythm.

♾️ Body Doubling Across Neurodivergent Profiles

Body doubling is closely associated with ADHD, but people with autism, AuDHD and other forms of executive difficulty also use it.

The reasons may differ.

⚡ Body Doubling and ADHD

For adults with ADHD, body doubling may support:

🚪 task initiation
🎯 maintaining the chosen priority
📍 returning after distraction
⏳ time awareness
🛑 stopping at an agreed point
🔥 reducing avoidance or shame
📋 creating external structure

It may be especially useful for routine tasks that are important but provide little immediate feedback.

Body doubling does not remove ADHD executive dysfunction. It changes some of the conditions around the task.

🧩 Body Doubling and Autism

An autistic adult may value quiet parallel presence without wanting conventional social interaction.

Body doubling can offer company with fewer conversational demands. Two people can remain together while each follows a separate activity.

Possible benefits include:

📋 greater predictability
🤫 permission for silence
🔄 support through a transition
🧺 shared momentum during daily tasks
🌿 company without continuous social performance
🎧 a controlled sensory and social environment

However, another person’s presence may also increase masking, sensory input or uncertainty. Some autistic adults work much better alone.

♾️ Body Doubling and AuDHD

AuDHD adults may need both stimulation and predictability.

A body doubling session can create:

✨ enough novelty or connection to make the task present
📋 enough structure to reduce ambiguity
🤫 enough quiet to limit social overload
🔔 a predictable end to protect transitions
🎧 control over camera, sound and interaction

The right balance is highly individual. An energetic partner may help one day and become overwhelming on another.

🌧️ Body Doubling During Anxiety or Low Mood

Body doubling may make emotionally difficult tasks feel less isolated.

Examples include:

📞 making an appointment
📧 opening a delayed message
🧾 addressing finances
🏠 beginning after a long period of withdrawal
🚶 leaving home for a planned activity

However, the body double should not become an untrained therapist or crisis service. Severe anxiety, depression or loss of functioning may require professional care in addition to practical companionship.

🪫 Body Doubling During Burnout

During burnout, even low demand tasks may require more support.

A quiet shared session can help with essential activities such as food, forms or a small amount of home care. The session should respect reduced capacity rather than using another person to force normal productivity.

A burnout appropriate goal might be:

🍽️ prepare one simple meal
📧 send one essential update
🧺 complete one stage of laundry
💊 arrange one healthcare task
🛏️ transition into rest

Body doubling should reduce the burden, not disguise an unsustainable demand level.

🧺 Tasks That May Suit Body Doubling

Body doubling is particularly useful when the task is possible but difficult to enter, sustain or return to.

💻 Work and Study

Possible uses include:

📝 writing
📚 reading
📊 preparing reports
📧 processing email
💻 coding
🗂️ organising files
🔎 researching
📋 completing an application

A structured session may work best when each person names one realistic target at the beginning.

🧹 Household Tasks

Body doubling can reduce the isolation and ambiguity surrounding domestic work.

Examples include:

🧺 laundry
🍽️ dishes
🧹 cleaning
📦 organising belongings
🍳 preparing food
🛒 creating a shopping list
🗑️ clearing one area
🧾 household administration

People do not need to complete the same task. One can cook while the other sorts paperwork.

🩺 Health and Self Care

Possible tasks include:

📞 booking an appointment
💊 organising medication
🚶 beginning exercise
🍽️ preparing food
🚿 entering a hygiene routine
🌙 beginning a bedtime sequence
📄 completing medical forms

Privacy matters. You do not need to disclose personal medical information simply because someone is present.

🔄 Transitions and Task Restarting

A body double can help with the period around a task rather than the task itself.

They might join you while you:

🚪 begin getting ready
🎒 collect what you need
💻 reopen a delayed project
📝 write a restart note
🌙 close work for the evening
📦 set up tomorrow’s first action

A five minute starting call may be enough. The session does not always need to continue through the entire activity.

📱 Different Body Doubling Formats

The best format provides enough presence to help without creating unnecessary social demand.

👥 In Person

Two people share the same physical space.

This can provide strong environmental structure and make practical tasks easier to begin. It may also include sensory input, travel and pressure to interact.

Agree in advance whether conversation is welcome.

💻 Live Video

Both people connect through video while completing their own tasks.

Video can create clear mutual presence but may also increase self monitoring. Cameras do not need to remain on for the entire session.

A useful variation is a short visual check in followed by cameras off or minimised.

🎧 Audio Only

An audio call can provide company with less visual demand.

Both people may stay muted during the work period and speak only at the beginning and end. This can work well for household tasks that require movement away from a screen.

💬 Text Based Check Ins

Each person states a task and returns after an agreed period.

For example:

💬 “Starting ten minutes of dishes.”
💬 “I am opening the application.”
⏳ both work independently
💬 “I finished part of it and wrote down the next step.”

This provides light accountability with minimal social exposure.

👥 Group Coworking

Several people join a structured work session.

Groups can create stronger momentum and make attendance easier to arrange. They can also add distraction, comparison and social pressure.

Clear rules about chat, cameras and breaks are important.

☕ Ambient Public Presence

Some people work better in a library, café or shared workspace even without interacting with anyone.

This is not mutual body doubling in the strictest sense, but it can provide similar environmental cues through the visible presence of other people engaged in activities.

The sensory environment must still be suitable.

📺 Recorded or Simulated Presence

Study videos, cleaning videos, livestreams and virtual characters may provide a sense of shared activity.

These formats can be useful when live interaction is inaccessible. However, they do not provide mutual accountability or responsive co regulation, and direct research on their effectiveness remains limited.

Treat them as a related form of perceived social presence rather than assuming that they work identically to live body doubling.

🛠️ How to Set Up a Body Doubling Session

A useful session should reduce decisions rather than introduce a complicated protocol.

🎯 Choose One Session Purpose

Decide what the presence is meant to support.

Possible purposes include:

🚪 beginning a task
🎯 sustaining focus
📍 returning after distraction
🧺 completing practical chores
🔄 transitioning between activities
🛑 stopping at the planned time
🌿 making self care feel less isolated

One session can support several outcomes, but the starting purpose should remain clear.

📏 Choose a Realistic Duration

Start smaller than you think you need.

Possible lengths include:

⏱️ ten minutes for activation
⏱️ twenty five minutes for a defined task
⏱️ forty five minutes for focused work
⏱️ sixty minutes with an agreed break
⏱️ five minutes to prepare a transition

A long session is not automatically better. Some people become tired from maintaining social presence even when little conversation occurs.

💬 Agree on Interaction

Clarify:

🤫 whether silence is preferred
📹 whether cameras remain on
💬 whether brief questions are allowed
🔔 whether reminders are welcome
🚪 whether either person can leave early
⏳ whether breaks happen together
📋 whether progress will be discussed

Clear agreements reduce uncertainty and resentment.

📝 Name the First Action

Avoid beginning with a large goal.

Instead of “work on finances,” choose:

🧾 open the most recent bill
💻 log into the account
📂 place the required documents together
📝 list the three payments that need attention

Body doubling works best when the task has a usable entry point.

⏰ Use a Simple Session Structure

A session might include:

👋 Opening: Briefly name the task and support needed.
🚪 Start: Complete the first visible action.
🤫 Work: Remain connected with the agreed level of interaction.
🔔 Warning: Signal that the session will end soon.
📝 Closing: Record the next step and share a brief update.

The closing step protects reentry. “I did not finish” is less useful than “I completed the first section and will restart with question four.”

✅ Define Success Broadly

A successful session may mean:

🚪 you began
🧠 you understood the blockage
📝 you created a rough first version
📦 you prepared the materials
⏳ you remained with the task for ten minutes
🔄 you found a clear next step
🛑 you stopped before exhaustion

Completion is only one possible outcome.

🤝 Being a Helpful Body Double

A body double does not need professional skills.

They do need to understand the agreement and respect the other person’s autonomy.

✅ Helpful Behaviours

A helpful body double may:

⏰ arrive at the agreed time
🤫 respect silence
🎯 briefly reflect the chosen task
🔔 provide agreed time cues
💬 respond without judgement
📝 help clarify one first action
🚪 accept that the session may end early
🌿 recognise partial progress

Their presence should simplify the environment.

❌ Unhelpful Behaviours

Avoid:

👀 monitoring every action
📈 pushing for greater productivity
💬 giving constant unsolicited advice
😠 expressing frustration when focus drifts
🧠 diagnosing the reason for difficulty
📋 adding extra tasks
🎭 requiring social performance
🚫 refusing a request to stop or change format

The body double is not a manager, parent or therapist unless that is separately and appropriately their role.

🔀 Prompting Requires Consent

Some people want reminders. Others experience them as interruption or pressure.

Agree beforehand whether prompts may include:

💬 “What is the current task?”
⏳ “Ten minutes remain.”
💧 “Would you like a break?”
🔄 “Do you want help identifying the next step?”

No response should also be allowed when the session is designed around quiet presence.

🧱 Keeping Body Doubling Safe and Sustainable

Body doubling can become harmful when support turns into surveillance, obligation or dependence.

🌱 Preserve Choice

Participation should remain voluntary.

You should be able to:

🚪 leave the session
📹 turn off the camera
🤫 request less conversation
🔄 change the task
🪫 stop because capacity has dropped
❌ decline a future session

A strategy cannot function as co regulation when one person feels trapped or evaluated.

🔐 Protect Privacy

Virtual body doubling may reveal your home, work, documents or personal routines.

Consider:

📹 using a neutral camera angle
🎧 wearing headphones
🖥️ avoiding confidential screens
📝 keeping medical details private
👥 choosing trusted platforms or partners
🔒 understanding recording and data policies

Do not record sessions without explicit consent.

⚖️ Keep the Relationship Mutual

One person should not become permanently responsible for activating, calming or organising the other.

Mutuality can involve:

🔄 alternating who requests a session
💬 checking whether the arrangement still helps both people
🪫 respecting energy limitations
📅 avoiding constant last minute requests
🤝 appreciating support without treating it as unlimited

Paid body doubling services create a different relationship, but boundaries and privacy still matter.

❤️ Avoid a Parent and Child Dynamic

In close relationships, body doubling can become controlling when one partner continually reminds, supervises and evaluates the other.

A healthier arrangement sounds like:

💬 “Would shared work time help?”
💬 “Do you want company or practical help?”
💬 “Which reminder did we agree on?”

It should not become:

💬 “I have to watch you or nothing gets done.”
💬 “You said you would finish everything.”
💬 “You are wasting my time by struggling.”

Both people remain adults with their own limits and responsibilities.

💼 Keep Workplace Body Doubling Voluntary

An employer may see virtual coworking as a productivity tool. Mandatory camera based presence can easily become monitoring rather than support.

Workplace use should include:

✅ voluntary participation
✅ clarity about purpose
✅ control over cameras and communication
✅ protection of confidential work
✅ no assumption that visible presence proves productivity
✅ alternative accommodations for people who work better alone

A manager observing an employee is not automatically a body double.

🧩 When Body Doubling Does Not Help

Body doubling is not universally effective.

It may fail or add pressure when:

👀 you feel watched
🎭 you begin masking
💬 the other person talks too much
🔊 their presence adds sensory input
😰 social anxiety becomes stronger
📋 the task remains unclear
🔥 shame increases when progress is slow
🧲 you focus on the other person instead of the task
🪫 the session requires more energy than you have
🚫 the partner becomes controlling

This does not mean you used the strategy incorrectly. The format, person, timing or task may not fit.

🌫️ Presence Cannot Clarify Every Task

A body double may help you sit beside a task without making the task understandable.

You may still need:

📝 clearer instructions
🔀 fewer choices
📏 a definition of completion
📂 the correct information
🤝 practical assistance
🪫 a smaller demand

Presence supports the conditions around action. It does not replace task design.

🧊 Severe Overload May Require Less Social Input

During shutdown or intense overload, another person may feel supportive or intrusive.

A quiet trusted presence can help some people. Others need complete solitude, darkness or freedom from being perceived.

Discuss preferences before a crisis. During severe overload, reduce communication and demands rather than turning recovery into a formal productivity session.

Read Autistic Shutdowns in Adults and Neurodivergent Overwhelm for more appropriate crisis guidance.

🔄 Dependence Can Hide an Unmet Support Need

Needing another person is not automatically unhealthy. Human beings routinely use shared structure and support.

A concern arises when essential tasks become completely dependent on one specific person who cannot reliably provide that support.

Broader options may include:

👥 several trusted partners
📱 virtual sessions
📋 clearer environmental systems
🏢 formal accommodations
🧠 ADHD focused treatment
🧩 occupational support
🤝 practical assistance

The goal is a flexible support network rather than forced independence or dependence on one relationship.

🩺 Body Doubling and Professional Support

Body doubling is a self management and peer support strategy. It is not a treatment for ADHD, autism, anxiety or depression.

It may be used alongside:

💊 ADHD medication
🧠 psychological treatment
🗣️ psychoeducation
🧩 occupational therapy
🏢 workplace accommodations
📋 executive function support
🤝 practical or social care

Professional support may be important when task difficulty affects essential healthcare, housing, finances, work or basic self care.

Seek assessment when executive difficulties are new, rapidly worsening or accompanied by major changes in mood, memory, movement, sleep or physical health.

🪞 Reflection Questions

👥 In which situations does another person’s presence make beginning, continuing or stopping easier for you?

🌿 What kind of presence feels supportive rather than distracting, evaluative or socially demanding?

🎯 Is the main benefit structure, accountability, company, emotional steadiness or help returning after distraction?

🪫 Which tasks or states require more support than body doubling alone can realistically provide?

🛠️ What agreements about time, interaction, privacy and prompting would make a body doubling session feel safe for everyone involved?

🌱 Conclusion: Shared Presence Without Surveillance

Body doubling can make a difficult task more accessible without anyone completing the task for you.

Another person’s presence may create a start point, keep the task visible, give time a clearer structure and reduce the sense that you are facing the difficulty alone. For some people, it may also feel emotionally grounding.

That does not mean every body doubling session is co regulation or that the technique has one proven neurological effect. Research is still emerging, and social presence can improve, disrupt or intensify performance depending on the person and situation.

The quality of the presence matters.

A useful body double is predictable, nonjudgemental and respectful of autonomy. They do not monitor every action or turn a shared session into a test of productivity.

The format matters too. You may prefer a silent friend in the same room, a camera free audio call, a group work session or a simple text exchange before and after ten minutes of action.

Body doubling should make the task or moment lighter. It should not create additional masking, obligation or dependence on one person’s constant availability.

You are not failing because action becomes easier in company.

Sometimes the missing support is not another instruction or stronger motivation. It is a safe point of shared structure from which movement becomes possible.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

👥 What Is Body Doubling?

Body doubling means completing a task while another person is present physically or remotely.

The other person may work on something else and does not need to supervise or actively help.

⚡ Is Body Doubling Only for ADHD?

No.

It is strongly associated with ADHD communities, but autistic, AuDHD and other neurodivergent adults also use it for executive support, transitions, self care and companionship.

🔬 Is Body Doubling Scientifically Proven?

Research is still limited.

A large community survey documents how neurodivergent people use body doubling, and small early studies suggest potential benefits. Large controlled studies of everyday effectiveness are still needed.

🌿 Is Body Doubling the Same as Co Regulation?

Not exactly.

Body doubling describes the shared activity format. Co regulation describes interpersonal influences on regulation. Some body doubling experiences may feel co regulating, but this is not guaranteed.

💻 Does Virtual Body Doubling Work?

Many people report that video, audio and text based formats help.

Small experimental research suggests virtual human and artificial doubles may influence task performance, but evidence remains too limited to identify one best format.

📺 Do Study With Me Videos Count as Body Doubling?

They provide perceived social presence but not mutual interaction.

They can be treated as a related strategy, although they do not offer responsive accountability or live co regulation.

👀 Does the Body Double Need to Watch Me?

No.

Feeling watched may make performance worse. Many people prefer quiet parallel activity with little or no direct observation.

🧹 What Tasks Work Best for Body Doubling?

It may help with tasks that are possible but difficult to begin, sustain or return to.

Common examples include writing, administration, cleaning, cooking, exercise, self care and preparing for transitions.

🧩 What Should I Do When Body Doubling Makes Me Anxious?

Reduce the social intensity or try another format.

You might turn off the camera, use audio only, work through text check ins, choose a trusted person or decide that working alone fits the task better.

🧭 Where to Go Next

🚪 When Beginning Is the Main Barrier

Read Task Initiation Difficulty and ADHD Activation Energy.

🧊 When You Are Completely Stuck

Explore ADHD Paralysis and Neurodivergent Overwhelm.

⚙️ Understand the Wider Executive Function Pattern

Read ADHD Executive Dysfunction in Adults and Executive Dysfunction in Adults.

🔄 When Switching or Stopping Is Difficult

Explore ADHD Transitions and Autistic Inertia.

🔥 When Low Capacity Is the Main Problem

Read Neurodivergent Burnout and Neurodivergent Overwhelm.

🌍 Explore the Broader Topic

Browse the Neurodiversity Learning Hub.

📚 References

📚 Ara, Z., Rahim, I. B., Zhou, P., Yu, L., Esmaeili, B., Yu, L. F., and Hong, S. R. (2025). You Are Not Alone: Designing Body Doubling for ADHD in Virtual Reality. Preprint.

📚 Bornstein, M. H., and Esposito, G. (2023). Coregulation: A Multilevel Approach via Biology and Behavior. Children, 10(8), 1323.

📚 Eagle, T., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., and Ringland, K. E. (2023). Proposing Body Doubling as a Continuum of Space/Time and Mutuality: An Investigation with Neurodivergent Participants. Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 1–4.

📚 Eagle, T., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., and Ringland, K. E. (2024). “It Was Something I Naturally Found Worked and Heard About Later”: An Investigation of Body Doubling with Neurodivergent Participants. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 17(3), Article 16, 1–30.

📚 Garcia-Marques, T., and Fernandes, A. C. (2026). Meta-Analysis of Social Presence Effects on Stroop Task Performance. Psychological Reports, 129(1), 29–62.

📚 Ogrodnik, M., Karsan, S., Malamis, B., Kwan, M., Fenesi, B., and Heisz, J. J. (2024). Exploring Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity in Adults with ADHD: A Qualitative Investigation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 36, 307–327.