AuDHD Beginner’s Guide for Adults

Discovering the word AuDHD can create an unusual combination of recognition and confusion.

You may read that it means being both autistic and ADHD and immediately recognise parts of your life. The need for routine alongside the inability to maintain it. The search for stimulation followed by sensory overload. The ability to understand complex subjects while remaining unable to begin a simple task.

Then the questions begin.

Does recognising these patterns mean you are AuDHD? Which experiences belong to autism, which belong to ADHD and which come from the interaction between them? Should you seek an assessment, change your routines or continue reading until everything finally makes sense?

The amount of information available can quickly become overwhelming. One article leads to twenty checklists, several personal stories and conflicting claims about what AuDHD supposedly looks like.

This guide gives you a simpler starting point.

It does not attempt to cover the complete science, every possible trait or the entire diagnostic process. Instead, it explains what beginners need to understand first, which patterns are most useful to observe and what you can do with the idea of AuDHD without rushing towards certainty.

🧭 What You Will Learn

♾️ What AuDHD means in clear everyday language
🔀 Why autism and ADHD can create apparently conflicting needs
👀 Which broad patterns are useful to notice in your own life
🧠 Why individual behaviours do not automatically prove AuDHD
📝 How to explore your experience without building an endless checklist
🛠️ Which low risk adjustments you can try before or without a diagnosis
🩺 When a formal assessment may be useful
⚠️ Which common beginner mistakes can create more confusion
🗺️ Where to go next based on the question you are trying to answer

🧭 In brief

AuDHD is a community term for being both autistic and ADHD. It is not a separate formal diagnosis, but autism and ADHD can be diagnosed in the same person.

The most useful starting point is not counting individual traits. Look for repeated patterns across attention, sensory processing, structure, communication, energy and recovery.

Recognition can help you explore your needs, but it is not the same as a professional assessment. You can begin making low risk changes while remaining open to several possible explanations.

You do not need to understand your complete neurotype immediately. Start with the part of daily life causing the most friction.

🔬 Evidence in One Minute

✅ Autism and ADHD are distinct neurodevelopmental conditions that frequently occur together.
✅ Current diagnostic frameworks allow a person to receive both diagnoses.
✅ Adult research supports meaningful overlap while showing that autism and ADHD remain distinguishable patterns.
✅ Adults diagnosed with both describe their experience as dynamic, sometimes contradictory and not always represented well by separate diagnostic categories.
✅ Masking and compensation can make neurodivergent difficulties less visible to other people.
🟡 Research focused specifically on the combined adult experience called AuDHD is still developing.
⚠️ No online guide, personal story or checklist can establish whether someone meets the diagnostic criteria for both autism and ADHD.

♾️ AuDHD in Ninety Seconds

AuDHD combines the words autism and ADHD.

People commonly use the term when they:

🩺 have diagnoses of both autism and ADHD
🔍 are exploring whether both may explain their experience
🧠 identify with a combined autistic and ADHD profile
🤝 want language that reflects how the two interact

AuDHD is not a third clinical diagnosis. A clinician may diagnose autism, ADHD or both. The community term is useful because the lived experience does not always feel like two separate sets of traits.

Autism and ADHD can affect overlapping areas such as attention, sensory processing, executive functioning, communication, emotional regulation and sleep. Their influence may reinforce each other, partly conceal each other or pull towards different forms of regulation.

This is why AuDHD can feel less like:

Autism + ADHD = one long symptom list

and more like:

One person whose attention, senses, energy and need for structure change according to context

For the definitive explanation of the term, research and complete profile, read What Is AuDHD? The Push and Pull of Autism and ADHD.

🧠 The Three Questions Most Beginners Are Trying to Answer

People usually arrive at AuDHD information with three different questions. Separating them prevents one question from being mistaken for another.

❓ 1. Is AuDHD Real?

Yes. Autism and ADHD can occur in the same person.

Modern diagnostic guidance recognises the co occurrence and recommends considering both conditions when either is present (Young et al., 2020). Research with adults also finds substantial overlap while continuing to distinguish autism and ADHD as separate constructs (Waldren et al., 2024).

The word AuDHD is informal. The combined autistic and ADHD experience it describes is real.

👀 2. Could AuDHD Explain My Experience?

Possibly, but recognition is the beginning of exploration rather than proof.

A person may recognise individual AuDHD descriptions because anxiety, trauma, depression, sleep problems, chronic stress, learning differences or another condition creates a similar experience.

What makes AuDHD more plausible is usually a broad developmental pattern rather than one current symptom.

Useful questions include:

📖 Were related patterns present earlier in life?
🏠 Do they appear across several settings?
🔄 Do they continue when immediate stress decreases?
⚙️ Do they affect several areas of functioning?
🎭 Have you built extensive systems to hide or compensate for them?
🧩 Does considering both autism and ADHD explain more than either one alone?

🧭 3. What Should I Do With This Information?

You do not need to decide your complete identity, seek an immediate diagnosis or redesign your entire life.

A useful first response is to:

📝 notice repeated patterns
🛠️ test a few low risk supports
🎧 reduce avoidable overload
🧠 learn one topic at a time
🩺 consider what you would want from an assessment
🌱 observe whether greater self understanding reduces friction or shame

The rest of this guide helps you do that.

🔀 Why AuDHD Can Feel Contradictory

One reason people find AuDHD confusing is that autistic and ADHD needs may appear to point in opposite directions.

You may want a predictable routine but struggle to repeat it. You may need stimulation to focus but become overwhelmed by uncontrolled sound. You may seek spontaneous connection and later need several hours alone.

These are not necessarily contradictions in personality.

The details of the situation matter.

✨ Chosen novelty may feel energising, while unexpected change feels destabilising.
🎶 Selected stimulation may support focus, while layered input makes processing impossible.
📅 Flexible structure may reduce decision making, while a rigid schedule creates resistance.
👥 Meaningful connection may feel rewarding, while continuous social performance becomes exhausting.

This push and pull is not present in exactly the same way for every AuDHD person. It is one useful framework for understanding why advice written for autism or ADHD alone may feel only partly helpful.

🗺️ A Beginner’s Map of the AuDHD Profile

You do not need to memorise dozens of traits. Begin with five broad areas and ask how each one changes across different conditions.

🎯 1. Attention and Activation

ADHD is often misunderstood as an inability to pay attention. The pattern is usually more about regulating attention, activation and inhibition.

Autistic attention may also become deeply focused, particularly around meaningful interests or internally coherent subjects.

You may notice:

🔍 hours of intense focus on certain topics
🚪 severe difficulty beginning low interest tasks
🚨 greater access to action when urgency appears
🛑 difficulty stopping once attention is established
🧠 several connected ideas expanding rapidly
🌫️ loss of concentration when sensory or social load becomes high
🔄 difficulty returning after interruption

The beginner question is not:

“Can I focus?”

Ask:

“What makes focus available, and what does that focus cost?”

Interest, urgency, clarity, sensory conditions and external structure may all affect the answer.

🎧 2. Sensory Input and Stimulation

AuDHD adults may be sensitive to some input while actively seeking other input.

You might need music to concentrate but be unable to filter a nearby conversation. You may seek movement, pressure or strong flavours while finding unexpected touch, bright lighting or crowded spaces intolerable.

Useful questions include:

🎧 Which input helps you become more regulated?
🔊 Which input competes with thinking or speech?
🌪️ Which environments create a delayed crash?
🎶 Does chosen input affect you differently from imposed input?
🛑 How do you know when helpful stimulation has become too much?

A beginner mistake is assuming you must choose between being sensory sensitive and sensory seeking. Both can exist in the same profile.

Explore this further in The AuDHD Sensory Paradox.

📅 3. Structure, Routine and Change

Structure can reduce uncertainty, memory load and the number of decisions required. It can also become difficult to maintain when repetition loses interest or one disruption breaks the entire system.

You may:

🗓️ repeatedly create detailed schedules
📋 depend on external deadlines
🧱 feel safer when plans are clear
✨ change your own plans impulsively
🔄 struggle to restart after one missed day
🗂️ love designing systems and lose interest in maintaining them
🚨 complete routines only when consequences become urgent

Instead of asking whether you are a structured or spontaneous person, ask:

“Which parts of life need stable anchors, and where do I need choice?”

Many AuDHD adults function better with a few reliable anchors and several acceptable ways to complete the rest of the day.

💬 4. Communication and Connection

AuDHD social patterns can look very different between people.

You may be talkative, socially confident and spontaneous while still needing to analyse interactions or recover afterwards. You may communicate easily around interests and lose access to words during emotional or sensory overload.

You may notice:

🗣️ talking quickly when engaged
🔥 interrupting because a thought feels urgent
💭 rehearsing important conversations
🔍 replaying interactions afterwards
📱 forgetting to reply despite caring
🧊 becoming quiet or losing speech under pressure
👥 enjoying contact and needing long periods alone
🎭 monitoring your expression, tone and timing consciously

The important distinction is between social performance and social cost.

Being able to communicate does not show how much processing, masking or recovery the interaction required.

🔋 5. Energy, Capacity and Recovery

Many people recognise AuDHD through an uneven energy pattern.

You may manage an intense project and then become unable to cook. You may appear highly capable at work while losing most functioning at home. A social event may go well but require the complete following day for recovery.

Observe:

🪫 which activities cause delayed crashes
🌙 whether weekends restore you or merely make Monday possible
🎭 whether appearing functional requires private collapse
🚨 how often you depend on anxiety or urgency
🎧 whether sensory exposure changes your capacity later
📅 whether several manageable tasks become unmanageable when combined

This pattern does not automatically prove AuDHD. It provides important information about the cost of your current life.

👀 Patterns Matter More Than Isolated Traits

Almost everyone occasionally procrastinates, feels overwhelmed, dislikes change or becomes absorbed in an interest.

A single relatable statement tells you very little.

A meaningful pattern usually has several features:

📖 It Has a History

Autism and ADHD are developmental. The presentation can change with age, expectations and masking, but the foundations do not suddenly begin after reading about AuDHD.

Look for earlier examples involving attention, routine, social processing, sensory experience, play, school or emotional regulation.

🏠 It Appears Across Contexts

The pattern may not look identical at home, work and socially. It should generally affect more than one isolated situation.

Someone may look organised at work because external structure supports them and appear much more impaired at home where that structure disappears.

🔁 It Repeats

One stressful week is different from a lifelong pattern of intense performance, overload and recovery.

Look for cycles rather than exceptions.

📉 It Has an Impact or Cost

The impact may involve missed tasks, relationship strain or work difficulties. It can also involve the invisible effort required to avoid those outcomes.

Strong achievement does not rule out impairment when the achievement depends on severe anxiety, masking or sacrificing all recovery time.

🧩 The Combined Explanation Adds Something

Ask whether autism and ADHD together explain parts of your experience that remained confusing under one framework.

The combined explanation should create greater clarity, not merely a longer collection of labels.

🪞 A Simple Beginner Reflection

Complete the following sentences with examples from your own life.

🎯 My attention becomes accessible when…
🚪 Tasks become hardest to begin when…
🎧 I regulate through sensory input such as…
🌪️ I become overloaded by…
📅 Structure helps me when…
🔄 Structure stops working when…
👥 Connection feels easiest when…
🚪 I need solitude after…
🪫 My biggest delayed crashes follow…
🎭 Other people do not see how much effort goes into…

Do not try to interpret everything immediately. The aim is to collect concrete patterns that can later support self understanding or professional assessment.

📝 What to Do During Your First Month of Exploring AuDHD

The discovery phase can easily become another hyperfocus project. A slower process often produces more useful information.

🌱 Step 1: Choose One Current Area of Friction

Begin with what is affecting daily life most.

That might be:

🎧 sensory overload
⚙️ task initiation
📅 collapsing routines
💬 communication
🌙 sleep
🔥 emotional regulation
🪫 burnout and recovery

Read about that area first instead of trying to understand the entire AuDHD profile at once.

📝 Step 2: Collect Real Examples

Write down short observations from your own life.

For example:

“I need music to begin administrative work, but I cannot process the task if people are speaking nearby.”

This is more useful than:

“I am both sensory seeking and sensory sensitive.”

The first version shows context, function and possible support.

🛠️ Step 3: Test One Low Risk Adjustment

You do not need a diagnosis to try many ordinary supports.

Examples include:

🎧 using headphones during focused work
📝 requesting instructions in writing
⏰ using an external transition reminder
📋 reducing your visible task list
🌙 protecting recovery after demanding events
📦 creating one fixed location for important items
🧱 making a minimum version of a routine
🎶 adding controlled stimulation to an unengaging task

Change one or two things and observe what happens. If you introduce fifteen strategies at once, you will not know which part helped.

🔋 Step 4: Track Cost, Not Only Completion

A strategy may help you complete the task while still being unsustainable.

Ask:

🪫 How much capacity remains afterwards?
🌙 Does it affect sleep?
🍽️ Can you still meet physical needs?
🔥 Are you more irritable later?
🔁 Can you repeat the strategy next week?

Successful support should reduce friction or recovery cost, not only increase output.

🧠 Step 5: Remain Open

AuDHD may eventually feel like the clearest explanation. Another condition, life experience or combination may also matter.

Exploration is more accurate when it includes curiosity rather than a demand for immediate certainty.

🩺 Self Recognition and Formal Diagnosis

Self recognition can be meaningful. It can reduce shame, provide language and help you test more suitable support.

It is not identical to formal diagnosis.

A professional assessment may be useful when you want:

🩺 diagnostic clarity
💊 discussion of ADHD medication
🏢 formal workplace or educational accommodations
📋 documentation
🌧️ assessment of overlapping conditions
🧠 a fuller developmental formulation
🤝 access to particular services

You may decide not to pursue assessment because of cost, waiting lists, location, previous healthcare experiences or personal preference.

There is no single correct route.

When exploring assessment, look for a professional who understands adult presentations of both autism and ADHD, including masking and the ways one condition may partly conceal the other.

Read Is AuDHD a Real, Official Diagnosis? for the clinical terminology and The AuDHD Diagnosis Process for practical preparation.

🌧️ What Else Can Look Similar?

AuDHD descriptions overlap with several other experiences.

These can include:

😰 anxiety
🌧️ depression
🧠 trauma responses
🌀 obsessive compulsive patterns
🛏️ sleep deprivation or sleep disorders
🔥 prolonged stress and burnout
📚 learning differences
🩺 physical health conditions
💊 medication or substance effects

This does not mean that AuDHD recognition is probably mistaken. It means that human functioning rarely has only one possible explanation.

It is particularly important to seek professional or medical support when difficulties are new, rapidly worsening, associated with physical symptoms or creating significant safety concerns.

⚠️ Seven Common Beginner Mistakes

📋 1. Turning AuDHD Into a Trait Counting Exercise

Large checklists can help generate questions, but they can also make every ordinary experience feel diagnostic.

One hundred weak similarities are less informative than a few repeated developmental patterns with a clear impact.

🔍 2. Trying to Classify Every Experience

You do not need to decide whether every behaviour comes from autism or ADHD.

The same task may involve sensory discomfort, low stimulation, unclear instructions and transition difficulty at once.

Understanding what would help is often more useful than assigning one cause.

🗓️ 3. Building the Perfect Routine Immediately

Early recognition can produce a burst of motivation to redesign work, food, sleep, exercise and household life.

The new system may be too complex to maintain.

Begin with one stable anchor and one problem you want to reduce.

🔇 4. Removing All Stimulation

If you recognise sensory overload, you may try to make every environment quiet and empty.

ADHD or AuDHD regulation may also require selected sound, movement, interest or novelty.

The goal is usually controlled stimulation rather than permanent sensory absence.

🎭 5. Trying to Unmask Everywhere

Recognising masking can create pressure to stop it immediately.

Masking may be exhausting, but changing communication and behaviour can have social, occupational or safety consequences.

Begin in trusted environments and make selective choices rather than treating complete unmasking as a performance target.

📱 6. Consuming AuDHD Content Until You Are Overloaded

Reading can provide relief and a powerful sense of recognition. It can also create confusion when every creator uses different definitions or presents personal experience as universal.

Prioritise:

🔬 credible research based resources
🧠 lived experience presented as individual experience
📝 notes about your own examples
🛑 regular breaks from identity content

🧩 7. Expecting the Label to Explain Everything

AuDHD can provide a powerful framework. It does not automatically explain every mood change, relationship difficulty, physical symptom or life problem.

You remain a complete person shaped by history, relationships, culture, health, environment and individual personality.

🌟 What About AuDHD Strengths?

Some adults associate their AuDHD profile with deep curiosity, creativity, pattern recognition, honesty, systems thinking or strong engagement with meaningful subjects.

Research with adults diagnosed with ADHD, autism or both found that people reported benefits such as seeing things differently and a strong drive to investigate, alongside challenges such as exhaustion and misunderstanding. Perceiving benefits was associated with better reported quality of life, although the study did not show that specific strengths are universal (Wurth et al., 2025).

A balanced approach avoids both extremes.

AuDHD is not only a collection of deficits. It is also not a guarantee of unusual gifts.

Ask:

🌟 Which qualities emerge when conditions fit you?
🧱 Which difficulties prevent those qualities from being accessible?
🪫 Does a strength currently depend on unsustainable effort?
🤝 Which support would allow you to use it more safely?

Deep focus is valuable when you can also eat, stop and recover. Sensitivity can support detailed awareness while still requiring protection from overload.

Context matters.

🔥 What If You Discovered AuDHD During Burnout?

Many adults begin exploring AuDHD when previous coping systems stop working.

You may have managed through routines, perfectionism, urgency, masking or extensive recovery. A new job, parenthood, relationship change, illness or prolonged overload may remove the capacity that kept those systems working.

Burnout can make neurodivergent patterns more visible because:

🎭 masking becomes harder
🎧 sensory tolerance decreases
⚙️ executive difficulties intensify
🗣️ communication becomes less accessible
🔄 transitions become more disruptive
🪫 recovery takes much longer

Do not attempt to solve your entire identity while your capacity is severely reduced.

Prioritise basic needs, lower demands and practical support. You can continue the deeper exploration when more cognitive and emotional space becomes available.

Read AuDHD Burnout in Adults when exhaustion and loss of functioning are the immediate concern.

🗺️ Choose Your Next Route

A good beginner guide should not leave you with another long unsorted reading list. Choose the route that matches your current question.

♾️ “I Want to Understand What AuDHD Is”

Read What Is AuDHD? The Push and Pull of Autism and ADHD for the complete cornerstone explanation.

👀 “I Want to Know Whether the Pattern Fits Me”

Explore AuDHD Symptoms in Adults and the AuDHD Self Assessment Checklist.

Use them to collect questions and examples, not to calculate a diagnostic score.

⚖️ “I Cannot Tell AuDHD, Autism and ADHD Apart”

Read AuDHD Versus ADHD Versus Autism.

🩺 “I Am Considering an Assessment”

Begin with Is AuDHD an Official Diagnosis? and The AuDHD Diagnosis Process.

🏠 “I Want to Understand My Everyday Life”

Read What AuDHD Looks Like in Daily Life and Why AuDHD Often Looks Inconsistent From the Outside.

🛠️ “I Need Practical Help”

Start with What Actually Helps AuDHD? and choose one area from the AuDHD Learning Hub.

🔬 “I Want the Research”

Read The Science of AuDHD and Why AuDHD Is Still Under Researched.

🪞 Beginner Reflection Questions

♾️ What part of the AuDHD description first caught your attention?
📖 Which related patterns were present earlier in life?
🎯 What makes attention and action accessible?
🎧 Which sensory input regulates you, and which input overwhelms you?
📅 Where does structure help, and where does it collapse?
👥 Which forms of connection feel natural, and which require performance?
🪫 What creates the largest delayed recovery cost?
🎭 Which difficulties remain hidden from other people?
🛠️ What is one low risk adjustment you could test?
🩺 What would you hope to gain from a professional assessment?
🧭 Which single learning route is most relevant now?

🌱 Conclusion: You Do Not Need to Understand Everything at Once

Learning about AuDHD can reorganise how you understand years of apparently unrelated experiences.

The intense interests, failed routines, sensory overload, inconsistent performance and private exhaustion may begin to form a more coherent pattern.

Recognition can be relieving. It can also produce pressure to reread your entire history, classify every behaviour and reach a definite conclusion immediately.

You do not need to do that.

The purpose of a beginner’s guide is not to turn you into an expert on autism and ADHD. It is to give you enough orientation to ask better questions.

Begin with repeated patterns rather than individual traits. Notice the conditions that change your functioning. Pay attention to hidden effort and delayed recovery, not only visible performance.

Then choose one practical next step.

That may be using headphones, simplifying a routine, writing down childhood examples, discussing assessment with a professional or simply reading one focused article instead of twenty.

The question at the beginning may be:

💭 “Am I really AuDHD?”

You may not have the complete answer yet.

A useful question you can begin answering now is:

🧭 “What helps my attention, senses, energy and daily functioning work together more sustainably?”

You do not need certainty before you can start treating your experience with greater accuracy and less blame.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

♾️ What does AuDHD mean?

AuDHD is an informal community term for being both autistic and ADHD.

It is not a separate medical diagnosis. A person may receive separate diagnoses of autism and ADHD.

🩺 Is AuDHD officially recognised?

The term AuDHD is not an official diagnostic category, but the co occurrence of autism and ADHD is clinically recognised.

Current diagnostic frameworks allow a person to receive both diagnoses.

👀 How do I know whether I might be AuDHD?

Look for longstanding patterns across attention, sensory processing, structure, communication, executive functioning and recovery.

Recognising those patterns may justify further exploration, but it cannot confirm a diagnosis.

🧩 Do I need every autistic and ADHD trait?

No.

Autism and ADHD are both varied. A person does not need to match every popular description, and many online traits are not diagnostic criteria.

🔀 Why can AuDHD feel contradictory?

Autistic and ADHD regulation needs may differ. You may need predictability but also stimulation, or need quiet while becoming restless without selected input.

The exact context often determines which need becomes most important.

🎭 Can AuDHD be hidden by masking?

Yes. A person may consciously monitor their behaviour, prepare extensively or use rigid systems to prevent difficulties from becoming visible.

Masking and compensation can delay recognition while increasing exhaustion.

🌧️ Could anxiety or trauma look like AuDHD?

Some experiences overlap. Anxiety, trauma, depression, sleep difficulties and prolonged stress can affect attention, regulation and social functioning.

They can also coexist with AuDHD.

🩺 Do I need a formal diagnosis?

Not everyone seeks or can access assessment.

Diagnosis may be useful for clarity, medication, accommodations or services. Self recognition can still support reflection and low risk adjustments, but it is not identical to clinical assessment.

🛠️ Can I use AuDHD strategies without a diagnosis?

Many supports are ordinary and low risk, such as written instructions, sensory adjustments, visible reminders, flexible routines and protected recovery.

Judge them by whether they improve functioning and reduce cost.

💊 Does ADHD medication help AuDHD?

ADHD medication may help some ADHD related difficulties for some people. It does not treat autism or remove sensory and environmental needs.

Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescriber.

🔥 Is burnout common in AuDHD?

Burnout is not required for AuDHD, but sensory load, executive strain, masking and repeated reliance on urgency may increase vulnerability.

Many adults first recognise AuDHD when their previous coping systems stop working.

🌟 Does AuDHD include strengths?

Some people associate their profile with creativity, curiosity, pattern recognition, directness or systems thinking.

No strength is universal, and supportive conditions influence whether abilities remain accessible.

🧭 Where to Go Next

🌿 Build Your Foundation

♾️ Read What Is AuDHD? The Push and Pull of Autism and ADHD.
⚖️ Compare AuDHD, ADHD and Autism.
🩺 Learn Whether AuDHD Is an Official Diagnosis.
🏠 Browse the complete AuDHD Learning Hub.

🔍 Explore Your Own Patterns

👤 Read AuDHD Symptoms in Adults.
📝 Use the AuDHD Self Assessment Checklist.
🏠 Explore What AuDHD Looks Like in Daily Life.
🎭 Understand High Masking AuDHD.

♾️ Understand the Push and Pull

🔀 Read Why AuDHD Feels So Conflicting.
🎧 Explore The AuDHD Sensory Paradox.
🗂️ Understand Why AuDHD Adults Love Systems but Struggle to Keep Using Them.
👀 Read Why AuDHD Often Looks Inconsistent From the Outside.

🛠️ Find Practical Support

🧭 Begin with What Actually Helps AuDHD?.
⚙️ Try Executive Function Supports for AuDHD.
🎧 Explore Sensory Coping Tools for AuDHD.
🔥 Understand AuDHD Burnout.

🎓 Follow a Guided Learning Path

🧭 Begin with the free AuDHD Basics course.
🪞 Map how autism and ADHD interact in you with the AuDHD Personal Profile course.
🛠️ Build practical support with the AuDHD Coping Skills and Tools course.

📚 References

📚 Craddock, E. (2026). Navigating residual diagnostic categories: The lived experiences of women diagnosed with autism and ADHD in adulthood. Health, 30(2), 235–257.

📚 Micai, M., Fatta, L. M., Gila, L., Caruso, A., Salvitti, T., Fulceri, F., Ciaramella, A., D’Amico, R., Del Giovane, C., Bertelli, M., Romano, G., Schünemann, H. J., and Scattoni, M. L. (2023). Prevalence of co-occurring conditions in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 155, 105436.

📚 van der Putten, W. J., Mol, A. J. J., Groenman, A. P., Radhoe, T. A., Torenvliet, C., van Rentergem, J. A. A., and Geurts, H. M. (2024). Is camouflaging unique for autism? A comparison of camouflaging between adults with autism and ADHD. Autism Research, 17(4), 812–823.

📚 Waldren, L. H., Leung, F. Y. N., Hargitai, L. D., Burgoyne, A. P., Liceralde, V. R. T., Livingston, L. A., and Shah, P. (2024). Unpacking the overlap between autism and ADHD in adults: A multi-method approach. Cortex, 173, 120–137.

📚 Wurth, P., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Strand, A. H., and Thorell, L. B. (2025). Diagnosis acceptance, masking, and perceived benefits and challenges in adults with ADHD and ASD: Associations with quality of life. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1668780.

📚 Yerys, B. E., McQuaid, G. A., Raitano Lee, N., and Wallace, G. L. (2022). Co-occurring ADHD symptoms in autistic adults are associated with less independence in daily living activities and lower subjective quality of life. Autism, 26(8), 2188–2195.

📚 Young, S., Hollingdale, J., Absoud, M., Bolton, P., Branney, P., Colley, W., Craze, J., Dave, M., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Liang, H. L., Murphy, C., Mackintosh, P., Murin, M., O’Regan, F., Ougrin, D., Rios, P., Stover, N., Taylor, E., and Woodhouse, E. (2020). Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus. BMC Medicine, 18, 146.